The ideas upon which Leadership/Impact and Management/Impact are based are consistent with the theories and best practices taught in top international business schools and executive development programs. Nevertheless, the question remains whether these tools are appropriate for leaders and managers in organisations in different countries around the world, including countries with societal values, economies, and political environments that are quite different from those in which L/I and M/I were initially tested and used.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the relevance, usefulness, and importance of L/I and M/I both across as well as within different countries.